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ABSTRACT
In this study, calcined eggshell
powder was used as low-cost adsorbent to remove copper (II) ion from aqueous
solution by adsorption. Effects of operational parameters such as contact time,
adsorbent dosage, initial concentration and temperature were determined for
optimum removal. Results shows a maximum removal of 99.96167% at 30 minutes,
1.5g, 300mg/L and 35. Equilibrium adsorption isotherms, kinetics and
thermodynamics were investigated. Langmuir and Freundlich models were used to
analyse the experimental data and the isotherm data fitted well to the Langmuir
isotherm with monolayer adsorption capacity of 4.5024 mg/g. Adsorption kinetic
study revealed that pseudo-second order with correlation coefficient value of
0.9361 best fit to experimental data compared with pseudo-first model.
Thermodynamics studies describes the adsorption reaction process as
non-spontaneous, increasing in rate with increase in temperature, endothermic
and irreversible in nature.
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
Water is an essential substance for
the existence of mankind on earth because of its vital function to man and his
environment. The sources of water are; surface water such as streams, rivers,
lakes, seas and oceans, ground water such as wells, boreholes, and rain water
which is obtained from the physical action of condensation of water vapour that
evaporates from the surface of the earth. The rain water replenishes
underground and surface water. It is interesting to note that 71% of the
earth’s surface is covered by water. This is unevenly distributed between seas
and oceans, ground water, glaciers and ice cap and in air (as vapour clouds and
precipitation) in percentages of 96.5%, 1.7%, 1.7% and 0.001% respectively. Of
these, only 2.5% is fresh water and 98.5% of that water is ice and ground
water.
With the increase in
industrialisation, water pollution has been a major issue of hazard to man and
his environment. Water pollution as defined by Wikipedia is the contamination
of water bodies. These contaminants are classified as; physical contaminants
(primarily impact the physical appearance or other physical properties of
water), biological contaminants (organisms in water), radiological contaminants
(chemical elements with an unbalanced number of protons and neutrons resulting
in unstable atoms that emit ionizing radiation) and chemical contaminants
(elements or compounds including nitrogen, bleach,, salts, pesticides, toxins
produced by bacteria, and human or animal dung and metal) of which this study
falls under. (USEPA, 2016). Two different groups are used to categorise the
factors that are instrumental in water pollution namely; point sources and
non-point sources. (Menon, 2011). Point sources are direct sources of water
pollution that are identified and controlled (reduced and monitored) easily,
some examples are factories, sewage systems, power plants, underground coal
mines, oil wells. Non point sources are ambiguously defined and harder to
control they include a wide range of sources such as; when rain or snow moves
through the ground and picks up pollutants as it moves towards a major body of
water, the runoff of fertilizers from farmland, air pollutants deposited on
earth. This has necessitated the need for water treatment process. (Menon,
2011).
The wellbeing of the environment,
society and the economy is a factor of the quality of water (Corcoran et
al.; 2010). Waste water is water that has been negatively affected in
quality by anthropogenic influences. Wastewater is defined as a combination of
one or more of; domestic effluents consisting of black-water (excreta, water
and faecal sludge) and grey water (kitchen and bathing wastewater); water from
commercial establishment and institutions, including hospitals ; industrial
effluent, storm water and other urban run-off; agricultural, horticultural and
aquaculture effluent, either dissolved or as suspended matter (Corcoran et
al; 2010).
Heavy metals are naturally occurring
elements that play major roles in the industry. Heavy metals present in trace
amounts are required in some biological processes; Iron and copper (oxygen and
electron transport); zinc (hydroxylation); cobalt (complex syntheses and cell
metabolism) (Nielboer and Richardson, 1978) to mention but a few. Although
heavy metals have proven to be useful in the industry, some have negative
effect on both the environment and on man hence the need for their removal from
waste water.
Methods such as chemical
precipitation, chemical coagulation, ion-exchange, electrochemical method,
membrane process and ultrafiltration can be employed in removal of heavy metals
from water. The methods are relatively expensive and the agencies responsible
for the provision and distribution of potable water; water board, waste
sewerage authority (WASA), rural urban development agency (RUDA), rural urban
water supply agency (RUWASA), water resources employ the conventional water
treatment process (involving a series of steps; aeration, coagulation,
flocculation, sedimentation , clarification, filtration and
disinfection), which is sufficient in the removal of physical and biological
contaminants only and not chemical contaminants.
Research efforts has/is been made in
the determination of a cheap, easily accessible and replicated method of hard
metal removal. In developing countries such as Nigeria, water treatment plants
are expensive. The ability to pay for services is minimal and skills as well as
technology are scarce. In other to alleviate the prevailing difficulties,
approaches should be focus on sustainable water treatment systems that are low
cost, robust and requires minimal maintenance and operating skills. Locally
available materials can be exploited towards achieving sustainable safe potable
water supply (Aho and Lagasi, 2012). This makes adsorption and the use
of eggshell as an adsorbent a contender as a substitute method of water
treatment.
Heavy metals have a wide application
in the industry, hence they are present in the industrial effluents generated
at the end of a process. They are introduced into the environment during these
effluents disposal and generally enter the body by ingestion, inhalation and
adsorption through the skin or mucous membrane (Jackson and Henderson, 2016)
adversely affecting the system; environment and man. Methods of heavy metal
removal is therefore required and important to avoid this.
1.2 Research Problem
The generation of waste water
containing heavy metals has become an issue as their release into the
environment has increased as a result of industrialisation. This waste water
contains amounts of heavy metal that are harmful to the environment and man who
is likely to come in contact and use this water. Legislations have been put in
place prompting industries to treat the waste water they generate before it is
disposed of. This increases the operational cost of a manufacturing process and
hence the need for a relatively cheap, easily accessible and replicated method
of waste water treatment. The need for the proper disposal of eggshell
currently being used as landfills also makes this study important.
1.3 Aim and Objectives
The aim of this research is to study
the effectiveness of eggshell as an adsorbent in the removal of cobalt ii ion
from aqueous solution providing an affordable and easy substitute for water
treatment. The objectives are:
1. Preparation of adsorbent from waste
chicken eggshell.
2. Characterisation of adsorbent using
FTR, SEM, and XRD techniques.
3. Testing the adsorption capacity of
as-synthesised eggshell adsorbent.
4. Optimisation of adsorption
variables; contact time, temperature, adsorbent dosage and initial
concentration.
TOPIC: ADSORPTION OF COPPER (II) ION FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTION ONTO THERMALLY TREATED EGGSHELL: KINETICS AND EQUILIBRIUM STUDY
Chapters: 1 - 5
Delivery: Email
Delivery: Email
Number of Pages: 78
Price: 3000 NGN
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