(+234)07060722008 
sales@graciousnaija.com
ABSTRACT
This
study investigated the effects of fear of retirement on job performance of
teachers in selected secondary schools in Ikorodu Local Governemnt Area in
Lagos State. The sample consisted of 160 teachers both male and female. Five
null hypotheses were formulated to address the research questions, the
instrument used to generate the relevant data was likert scale questionnaire.
The hypotheses formulated were analysed using the independent t-test and
Pearson product moment correlation coefficient statistical methods. The
findings show that there was a significant influence of fear of retirement on
teachers’ performance in the school, that there is a significant difference in
the fear of retirement between male teachers and their female counterparts in
the teaching profession; that there is a significant difference between
duration of service of teachers and fear of retirement among teachers in
secondary schools; that there is a significant difference between qualification
of teachers and fear of retirement among them; and finally that there is a
significant difference between the age of teachers and their fear of retirement
in the school. The hypotheses were exhaustively discussed based on the
findings, recommendation and suggestions for further research were also
discussed based on the findings of the study.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER
ONE 1
1.0 Background
to the
Study 1
1.1 Statement
of the
Problems 6
1.2 Purpose
of the
Study 7
1.3 Research
Questions 8
1.4 Research
Hypotheses 9
1.5 Significance
of the
Study 9
1.6 Limitation
of the
Study 11
1.7 Definition
of
Terms 11
CHAPTER
TWO: LITERATURE
REVIEW 12
2.0 Introduction 12
2.1 Nature
and Concept of
Retirement 12
2.2 Retirement
Decision 15
2.3 The
Major Reasons for Retiring at or After Pension
Age 19
2.4 Why
People Fear
Retirement 20
2.5 Types
of
Retirement 22
2.6 Phases
of
Retirement 25
2.7 The
Effects of Biological Factors on
Retirement 27
2.8 The
Effects of Socio-Cultural Factors on Retirement 28
2.9 The
Effects of Psychological Factors on
Retirement 30
2.10 Summary of the
Findings of the Works
Reviewed 32
CHAPTER
THREE: Research
Methodology 34
3.1 Research
Design 34
3.2 Location/Area
of
Study 35
3.3 Population 35
3.4 Sample
Size and Sampling
Technique 35
3.5 Research
Instrument 36
3.6 Validity
of
Instrument 36
3.7 Reliability
of
Instrument 37
3.8 Procedure
for Data
Collection 37
3.9 Data
Analysis 37
CHAPTER
FOUR: DATA PRESENTATION, ANALYSIS AND
INTERPRETATION 38
4.1 Introduction 38
4.2 Descriptive
Analysis of
Data 38
4.3 Hypotheses
Testing 42
4.4 Summary
of
Findings 47
CHAPTER
FIVE: DISCUSSION OF FINDINGS, SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND
RECOMMENDATIONS 48
5.1 Discussion
of Findings 48
5.2 Summary
of the
Study 50
5.3 Conclusions 51
5.4 Recommendations 52
References 55
Appendix 59
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Background
to the Study
Retirement
which can be described as the termination of a working career, it is as sure as
death and it may come in various forms. It may come suddenly as retrenchment or
lay-off to workers whose employers decide to dispense with their services. It
may come in form of a long notice. For example, government civil service reform
policy stipulates that except for judges and university professors, all other
workers should be prepared to go on compulsory retirement at age 60 or after 35
years of service whichever comes earlier. Industrial firms may suddenly
retrench their workers for redundancy, low productivity or lack of raw
materials. Trade union activists may lose their jobs if their employers regard
their continuity in service as a threat to their organisation. Protracted
illness or accident may incapacitate some workers who are eventually forced to
retire (Omoegun, et al 1996). In most cases, people are not prepared for
retirement, in terms of long range planning against a rain day, even when there
is retirement insurance. Therefore many people fear to retire.
The
fear of retirement is a very important factor militating against efficiency,
integrity, loyalty, commitment, and dedication. The fear of retirement usually
leads to psychological insecurity and unwillingness on the part of the worker
to plan for the future. To some dedicated and committed workers, retirement may
come as a rude shock that may shatter their hopes in future thereby leading to
poor work performance (Ayo, 1998).
To
most workers, the mere thought of retirement is dreadful, frightening and
depressing because it may connote misery, loss of status and prestige, poverty,
drastic reduction in income, boredom, loneliness, inactivity or even premature
death. With this attitudes, workers who are approaching retiring age, who have
not prepare for it, may not do their jobs as effectively as they could.
Retirement
normally should be a period in the life of a worker to rest from the onerous
tasks of previous years. It should be a period to sit back and enjoy the fruit
of past labour. To ensure this, the guidance counsellor is called upon to
educate adults on precautionary measures to be taken to make retirement a joy
and not a misery. Anything that has a beginning most have an end and retirement
of a worker is no exception. The time to start to prepare for retirement should
be from the first day of employment (Adeleke, 2003).
Many
questions such as these run riot in some potential retirees’ minds:
To
which place do I retire, my present place of work or my home town?
What
sex adjustment do I make as a retired person? Do I need to marry a new wife as
a pensioner?
How
do I take care of my gratuity and pension? Do I put my gratuity in a fixed
deposit or savings account?
Do
I invest my money in agricultural production? Do I use my gratuity to build a
house in which to retire?
Do
I listen to the so-called experts in financial matters to go into business?
How
do I cope with my financial obligations to member of my extended family –
cousins on holidays, relations with their newly married wives, hospital bills
for sick relations, money for burials, etc?
What
other work activities do I need to do to avoid boredom and what voluntary
services can you render to the community as a retiree?
Retirement
is a period workers cease to be actively engaged in daily work or job
activities. It is a time of rest and planning for successful retired life.
Regrettably, many workers today do not prepare or plan for their retirement.
These workers do not put necessary things in place towards planning for their
compulsory retirement after active work life (Uzozie, 2004).
Many
civil servants who are retired today regret their not planning well for their
retirement from work. These workers did not embark on savings, investments in
stocks or in profit-oriented ventures that will yield good dividend for them
during their retirement. No wonder some people after retirement start to seek
another employment almost immediately because they do not have the wherewithal
to cushion the effect of retirement. Most retirees develop serious ailments
such as hypertension due to much thinking resulting from sudden unplanned
retirement. Others become psychologically imbalance due to the shock of their
unplanned retirement and the uncertainty that await them during retirement,
while many die as a result of distress during retirement (Mundi, 1999).
Often
during the process of ageing, the individual looking forward to retirement
dreams of a day when he can put aside the duties and responsibilities that
chain him to his routine (Thoroman, 1998). Yet, when he takes a closer look at
retirement, it possesses severe threat to age. It signals the decline of vital
powers to the point where he is no longer acceptable as a working partner in
the forward movement of the society; from a productive point of view, it closes
the door on the future, when an executive lays down his pen and closes his
files, his authority is gone. A king could only put aside his crown if he dies,
and to some, retirement is a psychological death, after which life is
vegetative. To others, it signals the onset of the twilight of the gods, a slow
decline through which they fight a losing battle to keep prestige, status, and
even self-respect. The older citizens are always “infested” with fear of
employers, who will turn them down (Davidson, 1998). They have learnt while in
regular employment, many companies consider workers of retiring age as
potential source of difficulty. As a result, those workers have fear in their
own faith, in their physical and mental abilities to perform adequately (Attah,
2001).
Bam
(2003) stated that retirement means a loss of status and prestige, loss of
established comfortable routine, loss of old social contacts and particularly
loss of respect from others and self-respect. James (1998) claimed that to
retire and move to a leisure stress and anxiety. Based on research evidence, an
individual should anticipate and plan for retirement for a more satisfying
retirement. In the study of self-concept and roles during old age, Cavan (2004)
reported that at the point of compulsory retirement, the main means of carrying
out the special roles disappears. The man is lawyer without a case, a book
keeper without books, a teacher without pupils, a mechanic without tools.
Secondly, he is excluded from his group of former co-workers, as an isolated
person, he may be completely unable to function in his former roles. Thirdly,
as a retired person, he begins to find a different evaluation of himself in the
mind of others, from the evaluation he has as an employed person, he is no
longer seen with respect in the eyes of former subordinates, praise
in the faces of former superior and approval in the mind of former co-workers.
The looking glass composed of his former important group throws back a changed
image; he is done for! An old timer, old fashion, on the shelf.
1.1 Statement
of the Problems
Lack
of planning in life tends to make people to become imbalance psychologically,
socially and in most cases, economically. For instance, many civil servants
today, do not plan and put things in place in anticipation of their retirement.
Most civil servants during their working days, behave as if there will not be a
time to stay away from active service. Their orientation is to live freely and
enjoy whatever they have. They do not have the perception to save for the rainy
day. They fail to invest their money in money yielding ventures and most fail
to train their children. The resultant effect of this unplannessness by some
civil servants, is the problem of shock, disbelieve and hopelessness which
often lead to frustration, regret with attendant ill-health and sudden death
(Adiele, 1995). Some are carried away with pressures of office such as free
cars, houses and others to plan for their retirement. There have been cases of
poor health leading to sudden death of the retired person. If this trend is not
checkmated, there is need to professional assist potential retirees to avoid
fear on retirement.
This
therefore, gave rise to the investigation into the effect of fear of retirement
on job performance of teachers in selected secondary schools in Ikorodu Local
Government Area of Lagos State.
1.2 Purpose
of the Study
The
purpose of this study among other things include:
(1) To
find out whether fear of retirement affects job performance of teachers.
(2) To
examine whether lack of planning influences teachers retirement.
(3) To
investigate whether there is relationship between planned and unplanned
retirement of teachers in secondary schools.
(4) To
determine whether there is difference between teachers who planned for
retirement and those who did not.
(5) To
find out whether there is difference between the perception of male and female
teachers towards retirement.
(6) To
find out whether there is effect of fear on retirement among teachers.
(7) To
find out possible solution to fear of sudden/unplanned retirement and its
implications for counselling.
1.3 Research
Questions
The following research questions
were raised in this study:
1. Does
fear of retirement affect job performance among teachers?
2. Does
lack of planning influences retirement of teachers?
3. Is
there any relationship between fear and retirement among teachers?
4. Will
there be any difference between teachers who planned for retirement and those
who did not?
5. To
what extend will there be difference between the perception of male and female
teachers on fear of retirement?
6. What
are the effects of fear of retirement on teachers?
7. To
what extent can we find possible solutions to the problem of fear of retirement
among teachers?
8. What
are the implications for counselling on fear of retirement among teachers?
1.4 Research
Hypotheses
The following hypotheses were
formulated in this study:
1. There
will be no significant influence of fear of retirement on teachers’ job
performance.
2. There
will be no significant difference in the fear of retirement between male and
female teachers.
3. There
will be no significant difference between duration of service and the fear of
retirement among teachers.
4. There
will be no significant difference between qualification of teachers and the
fear of retirement.
5. There
will be no significant difference between the ages of teachers and the fear of
retirement.
1.5 Significance
of the Study
This
study will be beneficial to the following:
This
study will help those who are about to go on retirement to make proper
preparations for their retirement. It will also enable them to understand that
working as a civil servant does not last forever and therefore, they would be
expected to stop work either as a result of old age or attainment of work
period as enshrined in the Constitution of the Federal Republic of Nigeria.
Therefore, this work will help workers to make adequate preparation in terms of
savings, setting an apartment or a home for themselves, investing in stocks or
other profit-oriented businesses so as to be happy when they are retired.
Employers
such as school authority, would benefit from this study, because the content
and recommendations of this study would enable them to have immense information
on the perceived effect of fear on retirement and job performance. With this
study, employers at all levels of our educational system would be enlightened
on what it takes for workers to plan well for the rainy day in retirement.
Government
– The government will no doubt, have good policies regarding the retirement of
workers, especially the teachers who are the core educators of the nation’s
children and even adults. Government, especially the Ministry of Education,
will find this study, especially its recommendations very relevant as it will
help the employers of the teachers to formulate policies and create good
environment that will enable teachers to plan well and retire comfortably
without any recourse to fear of the unknown.
Counsellors
would also benefit from the findings and recommendations of this study because,
they would use the recommendations to counsel those who are afraid of
retirement, especially teachers who fear and have perceived anxiety due to
retirement.
1.6 Limitation
of the Study
In
this study, finance, time, sourcing of materials would be the constraints of
carrying out this work successfully and in due time. Also, the apathy of some
respondents would pose a constraint to the collection of opinions or
information from the selected subjects.
1.7 Definition
of Terms
The following terms were defined in
this study:
(1) Retirement: The
period at which one stops active participation in a paid employment voluntarily
and involuntarily.
(2) Retirement
Benefit: This refers to profit; advantage; good effect, money provided
by government as a right especially, in sickness or unemployment; an event,
especially, a theatrical performance to raise money for some person or special
purpose. Money or reward paid to a worker as a right by the government or the
employer.
(3) Fear
of Job Performance: This is a term which refers to anxiety and
pressure on an individuals job performance in any organisation or institution.
TOPIC: EFFECT OF FEAR OF RETIREMENT ON JOB PERFORMANCE OF TEACHERS IN SELECTED SECONDARY SCHOOLS
Format: MS Word
Chapters: 1 - 5
Delivery: Email
Delivery: Email
Number of Pages: 65
Price: 3000 NGN
In Stock
No comments:
Post a Comment
Add Comment