CHAPTER
ONE
1.0
INTRODUCTION
1.1
Background to the Study
Rice
has been an important food for most people in sub-Saharan Africa particularly
West Africa where the consumption of cereals mainly sorghum and millet has
decreased while that of rice has increased as a result of shift in consumers’
preference, urbanization and increase in population. Rice is notably palatable
and can digest easily (Cadoni and Angelucci, 2013). It is grown approximately
on 3.7 million hectares of land in Nigeria, covering 10.6% of the 35 million
hectares of land under cultivation, out of a total arable land area of 70
million hectares (Cadoni and Angelucci, 2013). Where 77% of the farmed area of
rice is rain-fed, of which 47% is lowland and 30 percent upland (Cadoni and
Angelucci, 2013). The range of grown varieties is diverse and includes both
local (such as Dias, Santana, Ashawa, Yarsawaba, and Yarkuwa) and enhanced
varieties of traditional African rice (such as NERICA) (Bayou 2009). In
Nigeria, demand for rice had been increasing at a much faster rate than in any
other African countries since mid-1970 (FAO, 2001). Nigeria consumes 50 percent
of the total 10 million metric tons of rice for which only 3 million metric
tons is produced in Africa (Oryza marked report – Nigeria, 2004). Furthermore,
during the 1960s, Nigeria had the lowest per capita annual consumption of rice
in the West Africa sub region with an annual average of 3kg. Since then,
Nigeria per capital consumption levels have grown significantly at 7.3 percent
per annum (PCU, 2002). Consequently, per capital consumption during the 1980s
average 18kg and reached 22kg in 1995 to 2000. In an apparent move to respond
to the increase in per capita consumption of rice, local production increased
at an average of 9.3 percent per annum. These increases have been traced to
vast increase in rice area totaling an annual average of 7.9 percent and to a
lesser extent through increase in rice yield of 1.4 percent per annum. In spite
of this, the production increase was not sufficient to match the consumption
increase. In a bid to address the demand-supply gap, government, at various
times, has come up with different policies and programmes. It is observed that
those policies have not been consistent (Ogundele and Okoruwa, 2004). The
erratic policies reflected the dilemma of securing cheap rice for consumers and
a fair price for the producers. Nigeria is the largest producer of rice in West
Africa and the second largest behind Egypt in Africa. Rice is cultivated in
upland and swamp ecosystems in Nigeria. Upland rice accounts for about 30-35% of
total rice while swamp rice accounts for about 25% of rice production in the
country with yields as high as 2 to 8 tonnes/hectare (Idiong, 2006). Its
production in the country rose from 2.4 million metric tonnes in 1994, to 3.9
million metric tonnes in 2005 (CBN 2006). In spite of the increase in
production of about 1.8 percent, the demand for rice surpasses supply (Adeoye
2003; Ojehomon et al., 2004). Consequently, the country has been
importing to bridge the supply-demand gap. Considering its vast agricultural
land and suitable ecology, Nigeria is endowed to produce enough rice to satisfy
domestic demand and has the potential to export to other countries (Babafada,
2003). However, domestic rice production has not increased sufficiently to meet
the increased demand despite the various policy measures put in place to
facilitate production. FAO (2004) estimates indicated that Nigerian rice import
increased from 2,630 metric tonnes in 1970 to 1.876 million metric tonnes in
2002. Total import also stood at 1.9 million tonnes in 2003 (GAIN 2004). Today
rice is cultivated in virtually all the agro-ecological zones in Nigeria.
Despite this, area cultivated to rice appears small. Estimate of locally produced
rice for year 2002 was 2.9 million tonnes (FAOSTAT 2003). Also, only about 6.7%
of the 25 million hectares of land cultivated to various food crops was
cultivated to rice between 2000 and 2002 (Osiname 2002).
1.2
Problem Statement
Despite
recorded increase in rice production over the years, the demand for the
commodity in Nigeria outstripped it supply. For example, Paddy rice production
had increased between 2001 and 2006 from 2.75 million to 4.0 million tonnes,
followed by a decline in 2007 to 3.5 million tonnes and a positive peak in 2008
was witnessed in which the output was estimated at 4.3 million tonnes. From
2008 to 2010 production statistics showed a decreasing trend in production from
4.3 to 3.5 million tonnes (FAOSTAT, 2012). On the other hand, the consumption
pattern keep increasing from 3.05 million in 2001 to 5.95 million tonnes in
2012 (IRRI, 2013). This shows a wide gap between production and consumption of
the commodity. This phenomenon led various governments to come up with policies
and programmes that would ensure efficient bridging of the gap. However, the
policies were erratic and so unable to achieve the designed goals and
objectives of increasing rice production in particular, and achieving
agricultural growth and equity in general. Existing low level of productivity
in food grain production reflect low level of technical, allocative and
economic efficiencies. Therefore, increasing agricultural growth is an
indication of appreciable growth in agricultural production process that is
linked to farm profit (Ogundari, 2006).
The
demand for rice in Nigeria as at 2011 was estimated at 19.2 million tonnes
against the production level of 4.5 million tonnes (CBN, 2012). This has
created a demand production gap of about 14.7 million tonnes to be met. Diagne et
al. (2011) in their work on historic opportunities for rice growers in
Nigeria stated that less than 10% of the 3.4 million hectares of irrigated land
that could be used for irrigated rice production in Nigeria are currently
cultivated. Rice yields in irrigated areas are between 3 and 3.5 tonnes/per
hectare, which are much lower than the potential yields estimated at between 7
and 9 tonnes/per hectare (Diagne et al., 2011). This study seeks to
provide answers to the following research questions:
(i)
What are the socio-economic characteristics of irrigated rice producers?
(ii)
What are the levels of inputs and output in irrigated rice production?
(iii)
What is the technical relationship between inputs and output in irrigated rice
production?
(iv)
Are resources efficiently utilized in irrigated rice production?
(v)
Is irrigated rice production profitable?
(vi)
What are the constraints associated with irrigated rice production in the study
area?
Department: Agricultural Economics
Format: Microsoft Word
Format: Microsoft Word
Chapters: 1 - 5, Preliminary Pages, Abstract, References, Questionnaire
Delivery: Email
Delivery: Email
No. of Pages: 82
Price: 3000 NGN
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